High Power efficiency in optical logic X-OR gate structure

A High Power Efficiency of Optical Waveguide for Logic X-OR gate has been investigated numerically by means of FD-BPM (Finite Difference Beam Propagation Method). The proposed structure is designed by using of three Y-branches. Two of Y-branches structure is parallel combined in the input section and the other one is located with the opposite direction of the output section. The whole guiding structure is called 2x3 channel which having two-input ports and three-output ports. One of the gap between three output arms in the cladding region is assumed to be a nonlinear materials which will produce the phase shifting between its output optical fields. The magnitude of phase shifting is depending on the nonlinearity of material and the optical input power. Y-branch leg angle is also a significant parameter to increase efficiency of optical power switch. The numerical schemes showed that the proposed structure is suitable for optical switching especially for logic X-OR gate

Effect of Artificial Aging Temperature on Mechanical Properties and Micro Structure of Al-Mg-Si Composite

Temperature determination used in artificial aging process will affect hardness after quenching process and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si composite. Thus, the aim of this research is determining temperature used in aging process to obtain mechanical properties optimum. It was done by the procedures as follows: initially, solution heat treatment of Al-Mg-Si composite was set at 400°C then quenching process on water medium followed by aging treatment at various temperatures (130°C, 180°C, 230°C, 280°C and 330°C) for 1.5 hours of HT. After the process, products were analyzed by hardness test to observe the micro-structure change of the samples. The result shows that hardness value of material increased with temperature process (130-280°C) about 10%. The hardness value rises from 48.05 HV before artificial aging to 53.13 HV

PROTOTIPE ANTENA BI-HORN DENGAN DUA ARAH RADIASI DAN SATU FEEDING MONOPOLE BEROPERASI PADA FREKUENSI 2,4 GHz

Prototype of A bi-horn antenna with double sides radiation using monopole feeding in a rectangular waveguide for 2.4 GHz frequency operation has been investigated. Dimension of this device structure is divided into three sections which the whole structure are fabricated from Aluminium plate with 2 mm of thickness . A rectangular Waveguide 12 x 6.1 x 12 cm3 of volume size is embedded between feeding apertures of horn antenna. Both horn antenna structures are similar which each horn having the front aperture about 50x38 cm2 of wide and 57cm of length . The Total length of the whole structure is about 127cm. The monopole Feeding is constructed by a copper bar with 3mm of diameter and 3 cm of length which is soldered on the tail of N-Female Connector. The characteristics of this antenna is measured under Network Analyzer equipment for obtaining their Return Loss, VSWR, Bandwidth, Gain and Radiation Pattern . The results show the Return Loss -17.692 dB is found at a frequency of 2.4 GHz with VSWR=1.3 and The bandwidth 838 MHz for range 2.173 to 2.789 GHz. The Optimum VSWR=1.05 and Return Loss -31.431dB is obtained at frequency 2.549 GHz . Both of Maximum Radiation for 0oand 180o are obtained which having 13dBi Gain for E-Plane and 7dBi Gain for H-Plane. This antenna can be favorable applied to wi-fi communication (aeronet) especially at repeater station between point- to- point access or joining their access point (WDS) by only using one card radio of 2.4GHz for attaining a longer distance

Fabrication and Characterization of Directional Couplers as Power Dividers

This paper is about directional coupler fabrication results in a slab structure with a substrate in the form of acrylic glass, a film of nano SnO2, and cladding in the form of methyl methacrylate (MMA). The length of the interaction area (Lc) directional coupler of the fabrication result is 5 mm with a gap width (g) of 0.353 mm. SnO2 film is grown by deposition on an acrylic substrate. To facilitate the characterization process, the directional coupler is given an optical fiber as input. SnO2 film which has been deposited on an acrylic substrate is coated with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Coating of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in SnO2 film is done by the doctor blade method. Directional coupler fabrication results are used as optical power dividers. The fabricated directional coupler is narrated using a He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm. The characterization mechanism is carried out by taking a photo of the cross section of the directional coupler when given a laser beam input. The cross section photos are processed using ImageJ software to determine the directional coupler intensity distribution on each port. Based on the results of the characterization, the directional coupler with the 5 mm Lc output percentage is 26%, 24%, and 49

Optically Switched Frequency for Reconfigurable Dipole Antenna Using Photodiode Switches

The design, fabrication, and measurement of reconfigurable antenna using photodiode switches has been investigated. The antenna had dimension 104 mm x 41 mm x 1.6 mm and FR4 substrate with relative permittivity4.8. It structure was Coplanar Stripline (CPS) dipole. Two photodiodeshad assembled on gap in both dipole arms, which was activated by 600 nm red laser. The unilluminated state, antennahad resonant frequency 800 MHz with RL -32 dB, 2225 MHz with RL -12.5 dB, 3320 with RL -14.1 dB. Meanwhile for the illuminated state, antennahad resonant frequency and return loss shifting to 800 MHz with RL -32 dB, 2225 MHz with RL -12.5 dB, 3320 MHz with RL -14.1 dB.This condition caused low impedance and longer dipole arm. If dimension size increases, resonant frequency will decrease. So, there was shifting frequency and return loss at under illuminated by laser

PROTOTIPE ANTENA BI-HORN DENGAN DUA ARAH RADIASI DAN SATU FEEDING MONOPOLE BEROPERASI PADA FREKUENSI 2,4 GHz

Prototype of A bi-horn antenna with double sides radiation using monopole feeding in a rectangular waveguide for 2.4 GHz frequency operation has been investigated. Dimension of this device structure is divided into three sections which the whole structure are fabricated from Aluminium plate with 2 mm of thickness . A rectangular Waveguide 12 x 6.1 x 12 cm3 of volume size is embedded between feeding apertures of horn antenna. Both horn antenna structures are similar which each horn having the front aperture about 50x38 cm2 of wide and 57cm of length . The Total length of the whole structure is about 127cm. The monopole Feeding is constructed by a copper bar with 3mm of diameter and 3 cm of length which is soldered on the tail of N-Female Connector. The characteristics of this antenna is measured under Network Analyzer equipment for obtaining their Return Loss, VSWR, Bandwidth, Gain and Radiation Pattern . The results show the Return Loss -17.692 dB is found at a frequency of 2.4 GHz with VSWR=1.3 and The bandwidth 838 MHz for range 2.173 to 2.789 GHz. The Optimum VSWR=1.05 and Return Loss -31.431dB is obtained at frequency 2.549 GHz . Both of Maximum Radiation for 0oand 180o are obtained which having 13dBi Gain for E-Plane and 7dBi Gain for H-Plane. This antenna can be favorable applied to wi-fi communication (aeronet) especially at repeater station between point- to- point access or joining their access point (WDS) by only using one card radio of 2.4GHz for attaining a longer distance

Characterization of A Directional Coupler Waveguides Five Layers based on A Variation of The Electric Field in Two Border Area

Will be Analized the Effective Refractive Indeks with Electric Field Variations In Two Border Areas Layers To Design Vaweguide five layers, where the dispersion relation equation is getting through from the field equations in waveguides five layers. Wave guide five layer nonlinear structure is one of wave guide structure usually used model on design medium laser MQM and system path on device integrated optic. The composition consist of five layer usually used was L-NL-L-NL-L when L and LN as linear and non linear respectively. Will specifically examined the role of the Jacobian elliptic function Cn and Sn in the formulation of the dispersion relation to determine the type of guided modes in a nonlinear waveguide structure of five layers, which are based on the effective refractive index relation to the variation of the electric field at the boundary of two media waveguide region. There are 3 types of guided modes, namely mode symmetry, asymmetry, and antisimentri. The greater the effective refractive index is given, allowing more conditions for the value of the electric field . The dispersion equation shows a very flexible and general expression because it can be applied to the waveguides multilayer having symmetric or asymmetric structure

Pembuatan Alternator Axial Flux Coreless Dengan Menggunakan Magnet Permanen

Telah dilakukan penelitian pada alternator axial flux coreless dengan menggunakan magnet permanen dimana penelitian ini bertujuan menghitung efisiensi berdasarkan hasil perhitungan secara teoritis maupun secara percobaan. Rotor magnet permanen menggunakan 12 magnet neodymium dengan 6 koil sebagai stator. Generator aksial ini diputar dengan motor pada kecepatan berbeda (360; 482; 482,7; 485,1; 485,3; 485,9). Dari hasil pengukuran didapatkan hasil pada 3 koil maupun 6 koil dapat menghasilkan tegangan yang sebanding dengan kecepatan putarnya. Untuk kecepatan terendah 360 rpm didapatkan 5,8 Volt pada 3 koil sedangkan 13,8 Volt pada 6 koil dengan arus yang sama sebesar 2,5 Ampere. Perhitungan tegangan juga dilakukan secara teoritis berdasarkan parameter fisik dan studi literatur. Perbedaan hasil perhitungan dengan hasil pengukuran rata – rata 22%. Perhitungan effisiensi generator dilakukan dengan membandingkan daya output generator dengan daya output motor penggerak. Hasil pada generator 3 koil memiliki effisiensi tertinggi 28,75 % sedangkan 6 koil sebesar 62,083 %. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa generator aksial magnet permanen akan memiliki efisiensi yang cukup tinggi dengan semakin banyak koil dan semakin cepat putarannya

Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-magnet generator

The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.20 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (00) to N–S (360) on rotor2

Fabrication of TiO2 Nanoparticles Slab Waveguide by Spin-coating Method with 2-Propanol Solvent

The slab waveguide TiO2 nanoparticles by spin-coating method was fabricated with solvent 2-propanol. Component of TiO2 phase anatase is obtained using the old method of coprecipitation with time stirring 5 h. The Slab waveguide fabrication process using the spin-coating method with a rotation speed of 3000 rpm for 60 s and thermally treated at 100 0C for 15 min. Heating temperature used should be higher than the boiling point of the solvent (2-propanol) is 82.2 0C. This research was intended to determine the thickness of the film of the waveguides that have been fabricated and examination absorbance and transmittance. From the test results of absorbance and transmittance using UV-Vis known that the highest absorption (262 nm) and average transmittance (91%). The thickness of the film obtained 131.6 μ